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Pedunculopontine nucleus
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN or PPTg) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It has two divisions, one containing cholinergic neurons, the pars compacta, and one containing mostly glutamatergic neurons, the pars dissipata. The PPN is one of the main components of the reticular activating system.〔Garcia-Rill E. (1991). The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 36(5):363-89. PMID 1887068〕〔Winn P. (2006). How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J Neurol Sci. 25;248(1-2):234-50. PMID 16765383〕 It was first described in 1909 by Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a neuroanatomist born in Bydgoszcz.〔[https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenderk1909kn ''Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri)'', Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22〕
==Projections==
PPN neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain,〔http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full〕 particularly parts of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus internus. It also sends them to targets in the thalamus, cerebellum, basal forebrain, and lower brainstem, and in the cerebral cortex, the supplementary motor area and somatosensory and motor cortices.〔〔〔
Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. (2007). Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. Neuroimage. 37(3):694-705. PMID 17644361〕
It receives inputs from many areas of the brain,〔http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00022/full〕 including the basal ganglia to which it projects with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta to which it projects but does not receive, while it receives but does not project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata.〔〔
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